In Memoriam

                 IN MEMORIAM / ELLOS NOS INSPIRAN

Rafael del Riego (Tuña, Tineo, Asturias, 24 de octubre 1785 – Madrid, 7 de noviembre 1823).  Fue un general español y político liberal, que jugó un importante papel en el llamado Trienio Liberal 1820- 1823.  Dio nombre al famoso himno decimonónico, adoptado por los liberales en la Monarquía Constitucional y más tarde por los republicanos en los periodos republicanos, conocido como Himno de Riego. El rey Fernando VII de Borbón, le condenó a muerte, en 1823, después de humillarle públicamente y torturarle.

Rafael del Riego y Nuñez (October 21th, 1784 – 7 November 1823) Was a Spanish general and liberal politician, who played a key role in the outbreak of the Liberal Triennium (Trienio liberal in Spanish). He was humiliated, tortured and sentenced to death by order of King Ferdinand VII de Borbon, in 1823.

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Diego Muñoz-Torrero y Ramírez Moyano (Cabeza de Buey, Badajoz, España, 21 de enero de 1761 – Oeiras e Sao Juliao da Barra, Portugal, 16 de marzo 1829) fue un sacerdote, catedrático y político español que tuvo un destacado papel en la elaboración de la Constitución española de 1812. Como diputado de las Cortes de Cádiz fue el principal artífice del fin de la Inquisición española y uno de los máximos defensores de la libertad de imprenta. Murió en extañas circunstancias, torturado en una cárcel Portuguesa, se sospecha que por orden del rey Fernando VII de Borbón.

Diego  Muñoz-Torrero y Ramírez Moyano (Cabeza de Buey, Badajoz, Spain, January 21, 1761 – Oeiras e Sao Juliao da Barra, Portugal, March 16, 1829)  Was a priest, professor and Spanish politician who played an important role in the development of the Spanish Constitution of 1812. As a deputy of the Cortes of Cadiz was the main architect of the end of the Spanish Inquisition and one of the greatest defenders of freedom of the press. He died in mysterious circumstances, tortured in a Portuguese jail, likely ordered by King Ferdinand VII of Borbon.

He was ordained in 1784 and was appointed Professor of Philosophy at the University of Salamanca, since part of a group of teachers and students who undertook a major renovation of teaching.

After the national uprising in 1808 against Joseph Bonaparte is appointed to the Supreme Junta of Extremadura and later sent to Cadiz as deputy to the Parliament for their region in the 1810-1813 legislature.

The September 24, 1810, on the opening day of the Courts, is the first congressman to intervene by making several propositions liberal revolutionary type:
• The national sovereignty resides in the people,
• Separation of powers
• Abolition of the Inquisition,
• Freedom of the press,
• Immunity of deputies.
And getting the approval of two key decrees:
On freedom of the press.
On national sovereignty.

On March 2, 1811, by 78 votes, was named chairman of the committee that drafted the Constitution, together with Agustín Argüelles and Evaristo Perez de Castro, and was one of the leading figures in the drafting of the first liberal constitution was Spain, adopted on March 19, 1812 and call it «La Pepa» (St. Joseph’s day).

In early 1814, after the battle of Arapiles and the abandonment of Joseph I, Ferdinand VII by Napoleon signed the Treaty of Valençay the November 11, 1813, getting the crown to which he had given up in Bayonne in return for Spanish neutrality in the wars of France.

Upon his return, in March 1814, and although the treaty committed the forgiveness of Frenchified, rather than swear allegiance to the Constitution, Fernando da coup with the help of General Elio, dissolved the Parliament on 10 May and declares void all steps taken by them, persecuting and imprisoning those who participated in them. For liberal Torrero Munoz was arrested, and for being a priest was imprisoned in the monastery of San Francisco Padrón (La Coruña), where he remained six years.

In 1820, General Riego leads a revolt of the troops raised to go to America, which, although initially unsuccessful, forcing the king to swear to the Constitution, beginning the liberal triennium.
Muñoz-Torrero new Member is elected by Extremadura and the courts appointed him chairman of its council permanent position from which the Inquisition gets deleted permanently.

In 1823, the Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis sent by the Holy Alliance Fernando VII returned to their absolutist prerogatives October 1, beginning the reestablishment. Muñoz-Torrero flees to Portugal, where he is persecuted for his liberal ideas. Taken prisoner is imprisoned in the Tower of St. Julian of Barra and tortured, remaining until his death on March 16, 1829. It is suspected that his death was ordered by King Fernando VII de Borbon.

 

Mariana de Pineda Muñoz o Mariana Pineda (Granada, 1 de septiembre de 1804 – Granada, 26 de mayo de 1831) fue una heroína española de la causa liberal del siglo XIX.

A una edad muy joven, se casó con Manuel Peralta Vatle, un oficial del ejército liberal, con quien tuvo dos hijos, y enviudó en 1822 . Ella se involucró en las causas liberales. En 1828 ella ayudó a la fuga de la prisión de su primo, el capitán Fernando Álvarez de Sotomayor, un notable liberal que había sido condenado a muerte por su participación en la insurrección del general Rafael del Riego.

Siendo viuda fue denunciada por haber bordado en una bandera una leyenda liberal, acusada de pertenecer a una conspiración y ejecutada mediante el garrote vil a la edad de 26 años.

Su ejecución pretendió castigar a la causa de los liberales, lo que la convirtió en una mártir para éstos, pero también en un símbolo popular de la lucha contra la falta de libertades, como consecuencia de lo cual pasó a ser personaje de varias piezas dramáticas, poemas y ensayos.

Un pasillo en el interior de la sede del Parlamento Europeo en Estrasburgo lleva su nombre.

Mariana de Pineda y Muñoz, generally known as Mariana Pineda, (1 September 1804–26 May 1831) was an Andalusian national heroine. At a very young age, she married Manuel Peralta Vatle, a liberal army officer, but was widowed in 1822 with two children. She became very involved in liberal causes. In 1828 she assisted the escape from prison of her cousin, Captain Fernando Álvarez de Sotomayor, a noted liberal who had been condemned to death for taking part in General Rafael Riego‘s insurrection.

In a search of her house in 1831, a flag was discovered with the embroidered slogan ‘Equality, Freedom and Law’ and she was arrested and accused of conspiracy. After a failed escape attempt she was detained in the Santa María Egipciaca convent in Granada. During the trial, the Judge tried to convince her to betray her accomplices in exchange for leniency, but she refused and was publicly executed by the garrote on 26 May.

In 1925 the playwright Federico García Lorca based his play Mariana Pineda on her story, propelling the popular heroine into legend and myth. Between 1965 and 1969 the French composer Louis Saguer (1907–1991) composed an opera on the subject. The work premiered in 1970 in Marseille and was awarded the Grand Opera Prize of Monaco (1970).

Another Spanish playwright, José Martín Recuerda, a native of Granada, wrote «Las arrecogías del Beaterio de Santa María Egipciaca» based on the imprisonment of Mariana Pineda. The play was adapted and translated into English by Robert Lima as «The Inmates of the Convent of St. Mary Egyptian» and premiered on March 17, 1980 with a professional cast at The Pennsylvania State University. Upon its publication in DramaContemporary: Spain (1985), edited by Marion Peter Holt, the play was performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe by the Oxford Theatre Group in 1988.

A hall inside the Seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg bears her name.

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Juan Prim y Prats (Reus, 12 de diciembre de 1814 – Madrid, 30 de diciembre de 1870) fue un militar y político progresista español del siglo XIX que llegó a ser Presidente del Consejo de Ministros de España.

En su vida militar participó en la Primera Guerra Carlista y en la Guerra de África, donde mostró relevantes dotes de mando, valor y temeridad. Tras la Revolución de 1868 se convirtió en uno de los hombres más influyentes en la España del momento, patrocinando la entronización de la Casa de Saboya en la persona de Amadeo I. Murió asesinado poco después.

Durante la revolución denominada «La Gloriosa», los generales Prim y Topete, arengaron a sus fuerzas militares proclamando las dos frases que simbolizaron este hecho histórico: ¡Abajo los Borbones! y ¡Viva España con honra!

En 1868, cuando España había conseguido echar a la reina Isabel II de Borbón, dijo el general Prim las palabras históricas de que «jamás, jamás, jamás» volvería a reinar en este país un Borbón.

El General Prim fue anti – Borbónico más que republicano, en el sentido de lo que hoy entendemos por republicano. A pesar de las pesquisas policiales, autopsia, sumarios judiciales, etc., ofialmente no se encontró al autor o a los autores de su asesinato.

Juan Prim y Prats (Reus, December 12, 1814 – Madrid, 30 December 1870) was a Spanish political and military liberal nineteenth century became President of the Council of Ministers of Spain.

In his military career he participated in the First Carlist War and the War of Africa, where relevant showed leadership, courage and recklessness. After the Revolution of 1868 became one of the most influential men in Spain at the time, sponsoring the enthronement of the House of Savoy in the person of Amadeo I. He was murdered soon after.

During the Glorious Revolution (Spain), Generals Prim and Topete, harangued theirs military forces claiming the two phrases that symbolized this historical fact: ¡Down the Bourbons! ¡Long live Spain with honor!

In 1868, when Spain had managed to take out the queen Isabel II of Bourbon, General Prim said the historic words that «never, never, never» would reign in this country a Bourbon. Because, he did not want more, ever, Borbon dynasty in Spain.

General Prim fought against the Bourbons, but he was not a Republican, in the sense we now understand as such. The murder of General Juan Prim, is a case still unresolved: Never found the guilty.

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Francisco Pi y Margall (20 de abril de 1824, Barcelona — 29 de noviembre de 1901, Madrid) fue un político, filósofo, jurista y escritor español, que asumió la presidencia del Poder Ejecutivo de la Primera República Española entre el 11 de junio y el 18 de julio de 1873.

Francisco Pi y Margall (April 29, 1824 – November 29, 1901) was a liberal Spanish statesman and romanticist writer. He was briefly president of the short-lived First Spanish Republic in 1873.

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Manuel Azaña Díaz (Alcalá de Henares, 10 de enero de 1880 – Montauban, Francia, 2 de noviembre 1940) fue un político y escritor español que desempeñó los cargos de Presidente del Gobierno de España (1931-1933, 1936) y Presidente de la Segunda República Española. La Guerra Civil Española estalló mientras él era presidente. Con la derrota de la República en 1939, huyó a Montauban, Francia, renunció a su cargo, y murió en el exilio poco después.

Manuel Azaña Díaz (January 10, 1880 – Montauban, France, november 2nd, 1940) Was a Spanish politician. He was the first Prime Minister of the Second Spanish Republic, and later served again as Prime Minister (1936), and then as the second and last President of the Republic (1936–1939). The Spanish Civil War broke out while he was President. With the defeat of the Republic in 1939, he fled to Montauban, France, resigned his office, and died in exile shortly afterwards.

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Clara Campoamor Rodríguez (Madrid, 12 de febrero 1888 – Laussanne, Suiza, 30 abril 1972) Fue una política española, defensora de los derechos de la mujer y principal impulsora del sufragio femenino en España, logrado en 1931, y ejercido por primera vez por las mujeres españolas, en las elecciones de 1933.  Hija de una familia de clase trabajadora, Campoamor comenzó a trabajar como costurera a los 13 años, trabajando más tarde en una serie de posiciones en el gobierno antes de asegurar la entrada a la escuela de leyes en la Universidad de Madrid. Ella participó activamente en varias organizaciones de mujeres,  antes de presentarse a las elecciones como miembro de Las elecciones a Cortes Constituyentes de 28 de junio de 1931, de la Segunda República Española; a lo que ella y otras dos mujeres fueron elegidas a pesar de que las mujeres españolas no podían votar en ese momento. Su defensa llevó a la inclusión del lenguaje en la constitución de 1931 de España que garantiza la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres. Más tarde perdió su escaño en el Parlamento y sirvió brevemente como ministro de gobierno antes de huir del país durante la Guerra Civil española. Campoamor murió en el exilio en Suiza en 1972.

Clara Campoamor (1888–1972) was a Spanish politician and feminist best known for her advocacy for women’s rights and female suffrage, during the writing of the Spanish Constitution of 1931.  A child of a working-class family, Campoamor began work as a seamstress at age 13, later working in a number of government positions before securing entry to law school at the University of Madrid. She became active in a number of women’s organizations before standing for election as a member of the 1931 Constituent Assembly, of Second Spanish Republic.  to which she and two other women were elected despite that Spanish women could not vote at the time. Her advocacy led to the inclusion of language in the 1931 constitution of Spain that guaranteed equality between men and women. She later lost her parliamentary seat and briefly served as a government minister before fleeing the country during the Spanish Civil War. Campoamor died in exile in Switzerland, in 1972.

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3 comentarios en “In Memoriam”

  1. Hola! buena inspiración! pero una cosa, Prim no era republicano, y aunque era antiborbónico auspició que se trajera un rey a España, no me parece muy inspirador para un movimiento republicano….

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